THE ONLINE WORLD MONITOR <><><><><><><><><><><><> February 1995 Volume 2, Bulletin 1 ISSN: 0805-6315 This is the ASCII online distribution of The Online World Monitor, a bi-monthly newsletter for supporters of the Online World shareware book. The Online World Monitor newsletter contains tales about discoveries that never made it to the book: Glimpses of what the heck is going on. Pointers to trends. Spotlight on important new developments around the world. Please do not redistribute the newsletter, or individual articles from it. Do not remail them, and do not put them up for anonymous FTP, WAIS, gopher, WWW, etc. However, we are happy to discuss terms with organizations that wish to redistribute internally, or to their customers. The newsletter is only being distributed in ASCII online format. Copyright (C) 1995 Odd de Presno Contact: opresno@extern.uio.no C o n t e n t s <><><><><><><>> Focus on China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Tests, practical hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Spotlight on important developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Pointers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Interesting conferences, newsgroups, discoveries. Important changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Services come and go, change names, move to other "homes". About the newsletter and The Online World shareware book . . . . . . . 6 XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 1. Focus on China XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX The CIA World Factbook says that The People's Republic of China had an estimated population of 1.178 billion persons in July 1993 on a land area slightly larger than the United States. It is the world's third-largest country after Russia and Canada. China is rich of natural resources: coal, iron ore, petroleum, mercury, tin, tungsten, antimony, manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead, zinc, uranium, world's largest hydropower potential. No wonder foreign businesses are interested. Total population literacy is 73 percent. Languages are Standard Chinese (Putonghua) or Mandarin (based on the Beijing dialect), Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghainese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, and various minority languages. Search the Factbook for more information about China on this Web address: http://www.research.att.com/cgi-wald/dbaccess/411 The Online World resources handbook contains many pointers to information about the country, including: * Xinhua English Language News Service. PeaceNet's World News Service coverage of China. The China News Digest mailing list. * Sources for businesses like MARKET: Asia Pacific, China Import/Export News, CHINA-LINK, Daily China Headline News, China Intelligence Report, Kompass Online's database of companies in China, The Asian Information Service's large database on China, * Usenet newsgroups like clari.world.asia.china, talk.politics.china, soc.culture.china, * Pointers to information and research sources in/about China. The China World Wide Web Home page ---------------------------------- There are several competing China Home pages. One of them is at http://www.cnc.ac.cn/china/china.html Communications with China is still slowed down by narrow bandwidth. Therefore, the Institute of High Energy Physics (Beijing)'s China Home page is mirrored to a host in the US to better serve foreigners: http://utkvx1.utk.edu/~xurs/china.html This page contains public scientific, technical, and business information about China. It has links to Chinese Research Institutes, Chinese Universities, and Commercial Organizations. The original URL is http://www.ihep.ac.cn/china.html Mind you, this is China's first direct Internet link. It has been operational since May 1994. CERNET (China Education and Research Network) is at Tsinghua University, Beijing. Their China Home Page is at http://www.cernet.edu.cn This server has information on Education and Research, History and Culture, Economy and Politics, Nature and Mankind, Tour and Entertainment, etc. Outside China, there is a China/Chinese related Home Page at http://www.cnd.org/Other/Chinese.html with links to the Chinese Christian Resource Center, and other resources (including a picture of the Chinese actress Gong, Li). Another option is a gopher site in Thailand. It has choices like Internet connection in China, China Business Practices, China Economic Policy and Trade Practices, China Study Forum, China in Time and Space (CITAS) Database, China-Chinese related Gophers and WAIS, China-Chinese related USENET News Groups, Chinese Computing Network FAQ, Chinese Studies Discussion Group, Travel Info for China, and more. Point your Web browser at: gopher://emailhost.ait.ac.th/00/AsiaInfo/CountryInfo/China%20%28P.R.C.%29/ Networking in Chinese --------------------- Anyone interested in Chinese Mosaic, Chinese Big5 code, and implementing Chinese on WWW, can subscribe to the "tanet-www" list. To subscribe, send a mail to LISTSERV@PEACOCK.TNJC.EDU.TW. Put the following command in the body of your mail: SUBSCRIBE TANET-WWW Note that "Chinese" in Taiwan is not the same thing as in China. While Taiwan uses the Big5 coding scheme, GuoBiao (or simply GB) is the standard in mainland China. For information about the pinyin and Wade-Giles systems of romanization of the Chinese language, check out the explanations and pointers in The China Army Area Handbook (see below). The Chinese-Language-Related Information Page is at http://www.c3.lanl.gov/~cim/chinese.html It points to Chinese-language-related resources, has links to viewing and listening to Chinese on the WWW, language study courses, educational software, FTP sites, and more. ChinaNet is a nation-wide Internet in China, based on the World Bank supported project NCFC (The National Computing and Networking Facility of China). Their Network Information Center (NIC) is at: http://www.cnc.ac.cn/ ChinaNet claims to be the China portion of The Global Internet. Business -------- The China Home page has links to * Foreign Companies in China, with address and phone number in Beijing or other cities for some foreign companies * The Connections Consulting Company of China, which provides marketing services to businesses interested in the Chinese markets * CBIC--China Book Import Centre. Monthly catalogue of import book into China AsiaInfo Services, Inc., produces a Free Daily Headline News Service. To subscribe, send mail to LISTSERV@asiainfo.com with the following line in the mail body: SUB HEADLINE Firstname Lastname Their February 22, 1995 report brought sample full-text stories on Tax Rates, Stock listing (Shenzhen, Shanghai), Lake Holiday Zone Using Foreign Capital, and a list of headlines of stories available to paying subscribers. Sample headlines found in this issue: REF. NO. HEADLINE -------- ------------------------------------------------------------------- 95022201 Robot Helps Packing and Piling 95022202 National Standard Data Base Established 95022203 Shanghai Qinlong Computer Plaza Under Construction 95022204 Taiwan Develops CD Along Euro-Standard 95022205 Multimedia Database System Developed 95022206 China's Posts & Telecommunications to Develop Quickly 95022207 Technical Reform Project Finished 95022208 Computer Producers to Gather in Shanghai 95022209 Telecommunication Olympics To Be Held 95022210 Recovery of ROK's Computer Market: Steady Increases 95022239 DEMAND FOR URBAN SPECIAL VEHICLES PREDICTED For information about how to become a registered user of the full AsiaInfo Daily News Service (ADN), write INFO@AsiaInfo.com. A one year subscription costs US$ 264. The ADN new wires usually consist of 30 to 40 articles compiled in Beijing, Monday through Friday every week. Coverage includes China markets, price information, joint ventures, import & export needs, major conferences, trade shows, etc. The news is available in Chinese upon request. The China Business Journal (CBJ) is an online daily news published 7 days a week. You can get it by email over the Internet. It brings updated economic news to those into doing business with China. Subscription form, and sample back issues with a searchable index is available at http://www.ncb.gov.sg:1080/news/cbj/ Reports on World Bank Projects in China are at gopher://emailhost.ait.ac.th:80/hGET%20/Asia/wb-reps/wb-cn.html Here, you will find a China Country Economic Memorandum and GNP per capita. There are reports on Industrial crop marketing, Highway development, Power sector, Urban environment services, Disease prevention, Financial sector development, Railway development, Education, Gas development, Forest resource development, Telecommunications, and more. Travel ------ If planning a trip to China, start by retrieving the map at http://www.cnd.org/Other/china.jpg Then, check out the Regional Information menu at http://www.ihep.ac.cn/tour/china_tour.html Menu choices include Anhui, Beijing, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Hubei, Henan, Hunan, Inner Mongolia (Nei Monggu), Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shandong, Shanghai, Shan1xi1, Shan3xi1, Sichuan, Tianjin, Tibet (Xizang), Xinjiang, Yunnan, and Zhejiang. The CND InfoBase (http://www.cnd.org) offers many high-resolution scenery pictures of China. Having fun ---------- If you're into Chinese music, check out the Web address: http://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/multimedia/chinese-music/ Choose between Model Beijing Opera, Ceremonial songs and music, Songs during the "Cultural Revolution" (mostly for Mao), Dream Of Red Mansion, Folk songs and local opera, Historical Voices, Pop songs after the down- fall of "Gang Of Four," Post Liberation, Pre Liberation, Current Hits, Chinese traditional music (various instrumental). Also included are some music from Taiwan and the Hong Kong area. The Chinese Internet Mall (in California, U.S.A.) sells Chinese classical music and children music for collectors. Send an empty message to newwave@.rahul.net for information, or point your Web browser at http://www.rahul.net:80/newwave/ If you like reading Chinese Classics, go no further than the Web address http://www.cnd.org/Classics/index.html This collection includes works (including some English translations) like Lao Zi (Lao Tsu), Zhuang Zi (Chuang Tsu), Kong Zi (Confucius), Meng Zi (Mencius), Sun Zi Bing Fa (Art of War), Guigu Zi, San Guo Yan Yi, Shui Hu Zhuan, Xi You Ji, Hong Lou Meng. There is a bibliography of works in English on Confucian Philosophy at gopher://gate.oxy.edu/11/Bibliographies/Chinese%20Philosophy Have you heard about the Internet Go Server? This is where you can play Wei Qi online, an Ancient Chinese game. Point your Web browser at http://www.cnd.org/Other/rec.html Play Chinese Chess on telnet://128.103.28.15:5555/ or use the ancient Chinese I-Ching to tell your fortune. Explore the power of prophecy and how it can affect you. Concentrate on a problem or question facing you now. When you have it well visualized, select http://cad.ucla.edu/repository/useful/iching.html to get your reading. CND's Chinese Calendar Home Page contains postscript files for the 1995 calendar (http://www.cnd.org/Other/calendar.html). Education/Research ------------------ The online mainland-China publication chisa-cm (CHINA'S SCHOLAR ABROAD Chinese Magazine, or Shen Zhou Xue Ren) can be obtained at http://www.chisa.edu.cn Back issues are also available. Foreign resources ----------------- The CINET-L non-public mailing list hosts China's InterNET Tech Forum (on LISTSERV@CND.ORG). The discussion topic is networking in China. CND is a voluntary non-profit organization aiming at providing news and other information services about China-related affairs. All CND services are free of charge. Back Issues of the China News Digest are on the Web address: http://www.cnd.org CND's English language publications include CND-Global (three issues per week), CND-US (one issue per week), CND-Canada (one issue per week), CND- Europe/Pacific (one issue per week), CND-China (two issues per month). The CND Chinese magazine may be a starting point for beginners to explore various ways of reading Chinese on WWW. You may find related discussions on the CHINANET mailing list (on LISTSERV@TAMVM1.TAMU.EDU). CND's China Home Page has links to * Overseas Chinese Physics Association (OCPA) * China Academic Link (CAL) * Internet Hangzhou Folks Club (IHFC) * The Association of Chinese Professionals in Geographic Information Systems(Abroad) * Association of Chinese Students and Scholars at Stanford and China-related newsgroups that are accessible if your local news server carries them: + alt.chinese.text + soc.culture.china + talk.politics.china + alt.chinese.text.big5 + soc.culture.taiwan + soc.culture.hongkong + talk.politics.tibet The Australian National University (Coombs Computing Unit) offers Asian social sciences information at http://coombs.anu.edu.au/CoombsHome.html . Search using the term 'china' at gopher://cheops.anu.edu.au/7waissrc%3a/Coombs-arch/ANU-Coombspapers-Index.src for references to texts about contemporary China, cartography, buddhism, history, international relations, demography, economics, and more. The China Army Area Handbook ("China: A Country Study") is at gopher://UMSLVMA.UMSL.EDU/11/LIBRARY/GOVDOCS/ARMYAHBS/AAHB9 The handbook was last revised in 1994, and has information about topics ranging from Chinese dynasties, to economic indicators, and an extensive country profile. Filled with interesting information, and with a rich bibliography appended. Here are some random file titles (out of 119): The Ancient Dynasties, The Social System, Ethnic Boundaries, Urban Society, Education and Culture, Economic Policies, Agriculture, Energy, Party and Government, Manufacturing, Trade and Transportation, Telecommunications, Marxism-Leninism-Mao Zedong Thought Re-thought, The Legal System. For more on China's history, try Galaxy: http://galaxy.einet.net/galaxy/Social-Sciences/History/Oriental.html XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 2. Tests, practical hints XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Netscape and Mosaic are called Web browser, but they are in fact much more. Internet browsers would be a more appropriate term. Just a few months ago, I thought anonymous FTP was the fastest method when retrieving files over the Internet. Today, Netscape is my favorite. Feed Netscape an Internet path (URL) like this: ftp://garbo.uwasa.fi:/pc/txtutil/msub10.zip Click, some waiting time, and the file is stored on your disk. This is particularly interesting when using a dial-up connection. With traditional anonymous FTP, you must first transfer the file to your host's disk, and then enter new commands to have it transferred to your local hard disk. More typing. Takes longer. Netscape's transfer progress reporting is another advantage. Anonymous FTP is "mute like an oyster," as we say in Norway. Sometimes you wonder if the transfer may have stopped completely. Not so with Netscape. You know that something is wrong when the byte count stops. Archie? ------- A few months ago, I used to consult Archie when looking for a piece of software. Today, it is usually easier to use Web services like PC Software Harvest Broker Say you're looking for a Windows file called VBRUN300.DLL. Connect to Harvest at http://harvest.cs.colorado.edu/brokers/pcindex/ Enter 'vbrun' as your search term, and Harvest will simultaneously search the following archives (the figures are from January): CICA PC/Windows Archives, USA (4.393 files) Garbo, Finland (4.898 files) Hobbes OS/2 Archives, USA (5.001 files) Lowell MSDOS Games Archives, USA (439 files) SimTel Software Repository, Oakland, USA (11.184 files) U. Michigan MSDOS Archives (2.729 files) After a while, the finds will be displayed on your screen. They will include file names like vbrun100.zip, vbrun200.zip, and vbrun300.zip. Click on the displayed hyperlink to vbrun300.zip, and the file starts its journey to your disk. Contrast this with Archie's cryptic search syntax: Usage: archie [-[cers][l][t][m#][h host][L][N#]] string With Netscape and Mosaic, you can do almost everything of importance, notably except email and netnews. True, you can use them to send simple messages, but don't call it email. They let you browse Usenet netnews, but don't call it efficient. Au contraire. Netnews ------- Let's start with netnews. I have tested WinVN, and found it to be a pearl among programs. Installing it may take more time than you like, and you may have seen better documentation. On the other hand, it does netnews so much better than Netscape. There is no hesitation in my mind. Go get it, and see for yourself: ftp://ftp.ksc.nasa.gov/pub/WinVN One of my applications is monitoring the newsgroup clari.nb.online. This group delivers NewsBytes news from the online world. Occasionally, it has articles that help me update The Online World resources handbook. Once a week, I go online to browse new articles. I dial my Internet access provider with a Winsock application, let WinVN connect to the appropriate NNTP server, and request unread articles. When the list of titles is up in a window on my screen, I mark off all articles, and have WinVN save them quickly to a file on my hard disk. Then I log out to work with the text in offline mode. The other day, I wrote an article about Mexico and the conflict in Chiapas. My work strategy was the following: [1] First, a visit to Stanford Filtering service using Netscape, and a _test run_ using the search word 'chiapas'. The search revealed that the most active discussions on this topic was in soc.culture.mexican. The Stanford Filtering service is at http://woodstock.stanford.edu:2000 [2] Then, I left Netscape, and entered WinVN for soc.culture.mexican. A few clicks, and all articles containing the string 'chiapas' were marked off, and then saved on my disk for later reading. Fast. Easy. It is not always efficient to delay the reading articles until later. This brings me to another feature of WinVN that I like very much: You can have the list of messages (sorted according to your preferences) in the upper half of your screen. Click on a message to read it in the lower half. No need to close the window to read another article. Just click on the desired article on the list, and new text will replace whatever is already in your reading window. This allows you to browse articles very quickly. Hint: Check out the alt.winsock newsgroup if you have problems installing the program. Email ----- Based on the mail that I receive, there's a lot of Eudora users out there. It is a fine program, but there's one thing I hate. Unlike when reading articles with WinVN, you have to close the text window before being able to read the next message in the stack. Also, I find its text search features limiting. The good news is that Eudora has competitors. I have tested Pegasus, an offering with growing popularity. The program is free, but you must pay for the documentation. It has been tested on a TIA/SLIP connection, and a straight PPP line. Setting it up took longer than expected. Main reason: impatience. Read the instructions in the WGUIDE.EXE program, or risk the same. If you use a dial-up connection to the net, and TIA, then these hints may save you some time: Click on Files, Network Configuration. I entered "gaia.grida.no" in the fields "Relay Host" and "Incoming mail". I entered "Presno" in the fields "From field" and "Username". (My email address for this account is presno@grida.no. I can telnet to this host using 'telnet gaia.grida.no'.) Set "Send mail at once" to OFF if you want to compose mail offline. Click on "Advanced Preferences" to ensure that Winsock is to be used "On Demand". Pegasus is easier than Eudora when it comes to reading mail. There are buttons for the "Prev" and "Next" message in your pile. You can search forwards and backwards for a string, a full word, with or without case specified. For more information, check out gopher://gopher.cuslm.ca/11/pegasus/ There is also a PMAIL mailing list at LISTSERV@UA1VM.UA.EDU . Put the following command in the body of your mail to subscribe SUBSCRIBE PMAIL FirstName LastName I retrieved Pegasus after a search on PC Software Harvest Broker. The file name of my version was winpm122.exe. Trumpet Winsock version 2.0 --------------------------- My access to the Internet is through a number of access providers. On a local Unix host, I use TIA (The Internet Adapter), SLIP with Trumpet Winsock and Netscape. On another, I use PPP and Trumpet, and on a third, Onterm and Mosaic. Things used to go well on my desktop PCs, but SLIP with Trumpet Winsock version 1.0 never worked on my Toshiba 4400 SX notebook. Upgrading to version 2.0 solved the problem. Don't ask why. Ask the experts. They often meet in the alt.winsock newsgroup. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 3. Worth your attention: Spotlight on important developments XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX If you have browsed version 1.9 of the handbook, you may have noticed that pointers to Internet resources are being changed into URL format (as in gopher://xxx.xx and ftp://xxx.xx). This conversion will continue, and eventually enable us to put a hypertext version of the handbook up on the net. So, stay tuned! Mergers in the online services industry: Dialog and Data-Star has been bought by Knight-Ridder. Their names are now KR Dialog and KR Data-Star. Ziff Davis Interactive (the Interchange Online Network) was sold to AT&T in December. Mead Data Central was sold to Reed Elsevier plc. The new service name is LEXIS/NEXIS. Questel is now owned by the France Telecom Group. All major commercial services are pushing for an Internet presence. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 4. Pointers. Interesting conferences, newsgroups, discoveries XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX Access reservoirs of FAQ documents at gopher://cc1.kuleuven.ac.be/11/faqs/ http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/usenet/ The Teheran Archive distributes materials related to Iran and to Persian culture: http://tehran.Stanford.Edu Timetables to German railway stations and many other European cities: http://www.mcs.net/~dsdawdy/cyberoad.html Information about and news from Italy: http://www.mi.cnr.it:80/WOI/ A North American music events calendar: http://www.automatrix.com/concerts/ A tutorial programme of various languages: http://merlion.singnet.com.sg/~melange/melange.html Anonymous alcoholics: http://solar.rtd.utk.edu/~al-anon/ More cancer information: http://nysernet.org/breast/Default.html gopher://gopher_uicc.who.ch/1 http://cancer.med.upenn.edu/ http://iris02a.inet.dkfz-heidelberg.de/ On women's health issues such as infertility and endometriosis: http://www.mindspring.com/~mperloe/homepage.html The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies: http://www.ifrc.org/ XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 5. Important Changes XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX The Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Research Institute Daily Reports have been discontinued. The latest news from the former Soviet Union, East- Central and South-Eastern Europe is available as a Daily Digest from the Open Media Research Institute (OMRI). Send mail to LISTSERV@UBVM.CC.BUFFALO.EDU using the following command: SUBSCRIBE OMRI-L Your_name Your_last_name Was unable to connect to ftp.nevada.edu. For other public access ftp sites offering tablature/chords for guitar, try: ftp://unix.hensa.ac.uk/pub/uunet/doc/music/guitar/ ftp://ftp.uni-stuttgart.de/pub/misc/guitar/ Failed to connect to the Travel Information Library at ftp ccu.umanitoba.ca . Instead, try http://www.digimark.net/rec-travel/ The "Internet Talk Radio" is now on http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/radio/radio.html ftp://juggler.lanl.gov/pub/ITR/itr_archives.html WWW by email - Problems! ----------------------- The last version of the handbook says: You can request WWW pages by sending email to listserv@info.cern.ch. Put your retrieval commands in the BODY of the mail, like this send Before, the email address was listproc@mail.w3.org . In early 1995, this service was mostly unavailable, seemingly for technical and organizational reasons at CERN. Please note that the handbook also lists an alternative service, at webmail@curia.ucc.ie Send the command 'help' for instructions. Note that the Web pages are returned with all hypertext codes included. XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX 6. About the newsletter and the book XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX You've just finished reading the Online World Monitor newsletter. The newsletter and the resources handbook are companions. While the book describes the online world as it is, the newsletter tracks changes, and focuses on selected offerings or phenomena more freely than can be done within the strict framework of a book. Registered readers of the book will get one free copy of the newsletter. Those registering for six updates of the book per year, get a free one year subscription to the newsletter. For information about the book, send email to LISTSERV@VM1.NODAK.EDU (or LISTSERV@NDSUVM1 on BITNET) with the following command in the text of your mail: GET TOW MASTER Web address: http://login.eunet.no/~presno/index.html Gopher users can connect to cosn.org. Select Networking Information/ Reference /The Online World. It is also available through gopher wuecon.wustl.edu 671 . Selection: Online Book. This option includes the choices "The Online Book by Chapter/" and SEARCH Online Book . Subscription form: Yes, I would like to subscribe to The Online World Monitor newsletter. Please fill in the following information: Name ___________________________________________ Company _______________________________ Address__________________________________________ City ___________________ State or Province ________ ZIP or Postal Code ________ Country __________ Email Address: __________________ Newsletter Subscription Prices: Delivered by electronic mail in ASCII format: US$25/year Payment (mark off your choice with (x) below): ( ) Check or money order payable to Odd de Presno in U.S. funds enclosed ( ) SWIFT transfer to 6311.05.27189 (Kredittkassen 4800 Arendal, Norway) ( ) VISA ( ) MasterCard ( ) American Express Credit card number __________________________________ Exp date _______ Note: You should not send your credit card number by email, unless the data is sent in PGP encrypted form. For information about how to do this, read the instruction at the end of the book, or write me. If PGP is not available, use fax, or ordinary mail. For more information about PGP, send mail to LISTSERV@VM1.NODAK.EDU with the following command in the TEXT: GET TOW MONITOR The Online World Monitor newsletter Odd de Presno 4815 Saltrod, Norway. Email: opresno@extern.uio.no Fax : +47-370-27111 ------------------------------ Copyright. Please do not distribute.