Date: Mon, 30 Jul 12 00:06:29 GMT Subject: hep-th daily 10 new + 3 crosses received by eprepget ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Send any comments regarding submissions directly to submitter. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Archives at http://arxiv.org/ To unsubscribe, e-mail To: hep-th@arXiv.org, Subject: cancel ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ received by eprepget from Thu 26 Jul 12 20:00:00 GMT to Fri 27 Jul 12 20:00:00 GMT ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \\ arXiv:1207.6412 Date: Thu, 26 Jul 2012 20:56:00 GMT (29kb) Title: Matrix theory origins of non-geometric fluxes Authors: Athanasios Chatzistavrakidis, Larisa Jonke Categories: hep-th Comments: 1+30 pages \\ We explore the origins of non-geometric fluxes within the context of M theory described as a matrix model. Building upon compactifications of Matrix theory on non-commutative tori and twisted tori, we formulate the conditions which describe compactifications with non-geometric fluxes. These turn out to be related to certain deformations of tori with non-commutative and non-associative structures on their phase space. Quantization of flux appears as a natural consequence of the framework and leads to the resolution of non-associativity at the level of the unitary operators. The quantum-mechanical nature of the model bestows an important role on the phase space. In particular, the geometric and non-geometric fluxes exchange their properties when going from position space to momentum space thus providing a duality among the two. Moreover, the operations which connect solutions with different fluxes are described and their relation to T-duality is discussed. Finally, we provide some insights on the effective gauge theories obtained from these matrix compactifications. \\ ( http://arxiv.org/abs/1207.6412 , 29kb) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \\ arXiv:1207.6414 Date: Thu, 26 Jul 2012 21:02:00 GMT (13kb) Title: On the Covariant Galileon and a consistent self-accelerating Universe Authors: Cristiano Germani (Munich U., ASC) Categories: hep-th astro-ph.CO gr-qc hep-ph Comments: 9 pages; RevTex Report-no: LMU-ASC 54/12 \\ In this paper we show that the flat space Galilean theories with up to three scalars in the equation of motion (the quartic Galileons) are recovered in the decoupling limit of certain scalar theories non-minimally coupled to gravity, the so-called "Slotheonic" theories. These theories are also invariant under the generalized Galilean shifts in curved spacetime. While Galilean self-(derivative)couplings are not explicit in the action, they appear after integrating out gravity. In turn, we show that the quintic Galilean theory cannot be enhanced to be invariant under curved spacetime Galilean shifts. We then argue that Galilean supersymmetric theories up to the quartic, may only be found in the context of supergravity. Finally, we discuss on the possibility that Slotheonic theories are the effective four dimensional theories of consistent DGP-like models with self-accelerating cosmological solutions. Moreover, we show that the quartic and cubic Galileon in consistent DGP models cannot be decoupled. \\ ( http://arxiv.org/abs/1207.6414 , 13kb) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \\ arXiv:1207.6449 Date: Fri, 27 Jul 2012 05:19:41 GMT (12kb) Title: Finite BRST transformation and constrained systems Authors: Sudhaker Upadhyay and Bhabani Prasad Mandal (Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India) Categories: hep-th Comments: 19 pages, Revtex, No figure, version to appear in Annals of Physics \\ We establish the connection between the generating functional for the first-class theories and the generating functional for the second-class theories using the finite field dependent BRST (FFBRST) transformation. We show this connection with the help of explicit calculations in two different models. The generating functional of Proca model is obtained from the generating functional of Stueckelberg theory for massive spin 1 vector field using FFBRST transformation. In the other example we relate the generating functionals for gauge invariant and gauge variant theory for self-dual chiral boson. \\ ( http://arxiv.org/abs/1207.6449 , 12kb) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \\ arXiv:1207.6523 Date: Fri, 27 Jul 2012 12:19:47 GMT (114kb) Title: On the intrinsic width of the chromoelectric flux tube in finite temperature LGTs Authors: Michele Caselle and Paolo Grinza Categories: hep-th hep-lat Comments: 1+10 pages, 1 figure \\ We propose three different lattice operators to measure the intrinsic width \xi_I of the chromoelectric flux tube in pure lattice gauge theories. In order to test these proposals we evaluate them for SU(2) and Ising LGTs in (2+1) dimensions in the vicinity of the deconfinement transition. Using dimensional reduction, we could perform the calculation in the effective 2d spin model using standard S-matrix techniques. We consistently found the same result for the three lattice operators. This result can be expressed in terms of the finite temperature string tension as follows \xi_I=\frac{T}{2\sigma(T)} and implies that the intrinsic width of the flux tube diverges as the deconfinement transition is approached. \\ ( http://arxiv.org/abs/1207.6523 , 114kb) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \\ arXiv:1207.6547 Date: Tue, 24 Jul 2012 20:01:10 GMT (17kb) Title: Bott Periodicity and Realizations of Chiral Symmetry in Arbitrary Dimensions Authors: Richard DeJonghe, Kimberly Frey, and Tom Imbo Categories: hep-th cond-mat.mes-hall hep-ph math-ph math.AT math.MP Comments: 8 pages \\ We compute the chiral symmetries of the Lagrangian for confining "vector-like" gauge theories with massless fermions in $d$-dimensional Minkowski space and, under a few reasonable assumptions, determine the form of the quadratic fermion condensates which arise through spontaneous breaking of these symmetries. We find that for each type (complex, real, or pseudoreal) of representation of the gauge group carried by the fermions, the chiral symmetries of the Lagrangian, as well as the residual symmetries after dynamical breaking, exactly follow the pattern of Bott periodicity as the dimension changes. The consequences of this for the topological features of the low-energy effective theory are considered. \\ ( http://arxiv.org/abs/1207.6547 , 17kb) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \\ arXiv:1207.6564 Date: Fri, 27 Jul 2012 14:58:55 GMT (12kb) Title: The BV Formalization of Chern-Simons Theory on Deformed Superspace Authors: Mir Faizal Categories: hep-th Comments: 19 pages, 0 figures, accepted for publication in Comm. Theor. Phys \\ In this paper we will study non-abelian Chern-Simons theory on a deformed superspace. We will deform the superspace in such a way that it includes the noncommutativity between bosonic and fermionic coordinates. We will first analyse the BRST and the anti-BRST symmetries of the Chern-Simons theory on this deformed superspace. Then we will analyse the extended BRST and the extended anti-BRST symmetries of this theory in the Batalin-Vilkovisky (BV) formalism. Finally, we will express these extended BRST and extended anti-BRST symmetries in extended superspace formalism by introducing new Grassmann coordinates. \\ ( http://arxiv.org/abs/1207.6564 , 12kb) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \\ arXiv:1207.6573 Date: Wed, 25 Jul 2012 22:31:50 GMT (9kb) Title: Modified wave equation for spinless particles and its solutions in an external magnetic field Authors: S. I. Kruglov Categories: hep-th Comments: 13 pages, no figures \\ The wave equation for spinless particles in the framework of deformed special relativity is considered. We formulate the third-order in derivatives wave equation leading to the modified dispersion relation. The first-order formalism is considered and the density matrix is obtained. The Schr\"{o}dinger form of equations is presented and the quantum-mechanical Hamiltonian is found. Exact solutions of the wave equation are obtained for particles in the constant and uniform external magnetic field. The change of the synchrotron radiation radius due to quantum gravity corrections is calculated. \\ ( http://arxiv.org/abs/1207.6573 , 9kb) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \\ arXiv:1207.6574 Date: Thu, 26 Jul 2012 15:59:48 GMT (12kb) Title: Quiver Gauge theories from Lie Superalgebras Authors: A. Belhaj, M. B. Sedra Categories: hep-th Comments: 10 pages, 4 figures \\ We discuss quiver gauge models with matter fields based on Dynkin diagrams of Lie superalgebra structures. We focus on A(1,0) case and we find first that it can be related to intersecting complex cycles with genus $g$. Using toric geometry, A(1,0) quivers are analyzed in some details and it is shown that A(1,0) can be used to incorporate fundamental fields to a product of two unitary factor groups. We expect that this approach can be applied to other kinds of Lie superalgebras; \\ ( http://arxiv.org/abs/1207.6574 , 12kb) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \\ arXiv:1207.6626 Date: Fri, 27 Jul 2012 19:40:52 GMT (31kb) Title: Complementarity Endures: No Firewall for an Infalling Observer Authors: Yasunori Nomura, Jaime Varela, Sean J. Weinberg Categories: hep-th gr-qc Comments: 11 pages, 1 figure Report-no: UCB-PTH-12/12 \\ We argue that the complementarity picture, as interpreted as a reference frame change represented in quantum gravitational Hilbert space, does not suffer from the "firewall paradox" recently discussed by Almheiri, Marolf, Polchinski, and Sully. A quantum state described by a distant observer evolves unitarily, with the evolution law well approximated by semi-classical field equations in the region away from the (stretched) horizon. And yet, a classical infalling observer does not see a violation of the equivalence principle, and thus a firewall, at the horizon. The resolution of the paradox lies in careful considerations on how a (semi-)classical world arises in unitary quantum mechanics describing the whole universe/multiverse. \\ ( http://arxiv.org/abs/1207.6626 , 31kb) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \\ arXiv:1207.6627 Date: Fri, 27 Jul 2012 19:41:23 GMT (38kb) Title: More on 't Hooft loops in N=4 SYM Authors: Fabrizio Pucci Categories: hep-th Comments: 30 pages Report-no: BI-TP 2012/34 \\ We study supersymmetric 't Hooft loop operators in N=4 super Yang-Mills, generalizing the well-known circular 1/2 BPS case and investigating their S-duality properties. We derive the BPS condition for a generic line operator describing pointlike monopoles and discuss its solutions in some particular case. In particular, we present the explicit construction of the magnetic counterpart of Zarembo and DGRT Wilson loops and provide the general dyonic configurations for an abelian gauge group. The quantum definition of these supersymmetric 't Hooft loop operators is carefully discussed and we attempt some computations to next-to-leading order in perturbation theory. \\ ( http://arxiv.org/abs/1207.6627 , 38kb) %-%-%-%-%-%-%-%-%-%-%-%-%-%-%-%-%-%-%-%-%-%-%-%-%-%-%-%-%-%-%-%-%-%-%-%-%-%-%- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \\ arXiv:1207.6162 (*cross-listing*) Date: Thu, 26 Jul 2012 03:53:18 GMT (32kb) Title: Cyclic structures of Cliffordian supergroups and particle representations of Spin_+(1,3) Authors: V. V. Varlamov Categories: math-ph gr-qc hep-th math.MP quant-ph Comments: 22 pages. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:1107.4156, arXiv:math-ph/0203059, arXiv:math-ph/0108022, arXiv:math-ph/0405040 \\ Supergroups are defined in the framework of $\dZ_2$-graded Clifford algebras over the fields of real and complex numbers, respectively. It is shown that cyclic structures of complex and real supergroups are defined by Brauer-Wall groups related with the modulo 2 and modulo 8 periodicities of the complex and real Clifford algebras. Particle (fermionic and bosonic) representations of a universal covering (spinor group $\spin_+(1,3)$) of the proper orthochronous Lorentz group are constructed via the Clifford algebra formalism. Complex and real supergroups are defined on the representation system of $\spin_+(1,3)$. It is shown that a cyclic (modulo 2) structure of the complex supergroup is equivalent to a supersymmetric action, that is, it converts fermionic representations into bosonic representations and vice versa. The cyclic action of the real supergroup leads to a much more high-graded symmetry related with the modulo 8 periodicity of the real Clifford algebras. This symmetry acts on the system of real representations of $\spin_+(1,3)$. \\ ( http://arxiv.org/abs/1207.6162 , 32kb) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \\ arXiv:1207.6350 (*cross-listing*) Date: Thu, 26 Jul 2012 17:51:44 GMT (797kb) Title: The McVittie solution with a negative cosmological constant Authors: Philippe Landry, Majd Abdelqader and Kayll Lake Categories: gr-qc astro-ph.CO hep-th Comments: 6 pages twocolumn revtex 4-1 8 figures \\ Whereas current cosmological observations suggest that the universe is dominated by a positive cosmological constant ($\Lambda > 0$), the AdS/CFT correspondence tells us that the case $\Lambda<0$ is still worthy of consideration. In this paper we study the McVittie solution with $\Lambda<0$. Following a related study, the solution is understood here by way of a systematic construction of conformal diagrams based on detailed numerical integrations of the null geodesic equations. As in the pure Robertson - Walker case, we find that $\Lambda<0$ ensures collapse to a Big Crunch, a feature which completely dominates the global structure. \\ ( http://arxiv.org/abs/1207.6350 , 797kb) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \\ arXiv:1207.6594 (*cross-listing*) Date: Fri, 27 Jul 2012 16:32:21 GMT (379kb) Title: Some exact results in branching and annihilating random walks Authors: Federico Benitez and Nicolas Wschebor Categories: cond-mat.stat-mech hep-th Comments: 37 pages \\ We present some exact results on the behavior of Branching and Annihilating Random Walks, both in the Directed Percolation and Parity Conserving universality classes. Contrary to usual perturbation theory, we perform an expansion in the branching rate around the non trivial Pure Annihilation model, whose correlation and response function we compute exactly. With this, the non-universal threshold value for having a phase transition in the simplest system belonging to the Directed Percolation universality class is found to coincide with previous Non Perturbative Renormalization Group approximate results. We also show that the Parity Conserving universality class has an unexpected RG fixed point structure, with a PA fixed point which is unstable in all dimensions of physical interest. \\ ( http://arxiv.org/abs/1207.6594 , 379kb) %%--%%--%%--%%--%%--%%--%%--%%--%%--%%--%%--%%--%%--%%--%%--%%--%%--%%--%%--%% ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \\ arXiv:0811.2439 (*cross-listing*) replaced with revised version Thu, 26 Jul 2012 21:34:37 GMT (51kb) Title: On the noncommutative geometry of square superpotential algebras Authors: Charlie Beil Categories: math.AG hep-th math.RT Comments: 53 pages. Final version. To appear in J. Algebra MSC-class: 14M25, 16G20 \\ ( http://arxiv.org/abs/0811.2439 , 51kb) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \\ arXiv:1005.1786 replaced with revised version Fri, 27 Jul 2012 17:39:44 GMT (8kb) Title: A limit on the ABJ model Authors: J. A. Minahan, O. Ohlsson Sax, C. Sieg Categories: hep-th Comments: 5 pages; Proceedings of Quantum Theory and Symmetries 6, (Lexington, KY, USA, July 2009); v2 Fixed one expression Report-no: UUITP-18/10 \\ ( http://arxiv.org/abs/1005.1786 , 8kb) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \\ arXiv:1108.3922 replaced with revised version Fri, 27 Jul 2012 15:35:37 GMT (58kb) Title: Instanton counting and wall-crossing for orbifold quivers Authors: Michele Cirafici, Annamaria Sinkovics and Richard J. Szabo Categories: hep-th math.AG math.QA Comments: 43 pages, clarifying comments added, final version to appear in Annales Henri Poincare Report-no: DAMTP-2011-45; HWM-11-21; EMPG-11-22 \\ ( http://arxiv.org/abs/1108.3922 , 58kb) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \\ arXiv:1112.4022 replaced with revised version Thu, 26 Jul 2012 20:11:13 GMT (21kb) Title: Fluids, Anomalies and the Chiral Magnetic Effect: A Group-theoretic Formulation Authors: V. P. Nair, Rashmi Ray and Shubho Roy Categories: hep-th hep-ph Comments: 17 pages, version to be published in Phys Rev D Report-no: CCNY-HEP 11/7 \\ ( http://arxiv.org/abs/1112.4022 , 21kb) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \\ arXiv:1112.5459 replaced with revised version Fri, 27 Jul 2012 17:36:09 GMT (99kb) Title: Correlators in W_N Minimal Model Revisited Authors: Chi-Ming Chang, Xi Yin Categories: hep-th Comments: 61 pages, 21 figures; minor changes, explanations added \\ ( http://arxiv.org/abs/1112.5459 , 99kb) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \\ arXiv:1202.1202 replaced with revised version Fri, 27 Jul 2012 07:07:42 GMT (22kb) Title: Solution of the Dyson--Schwinger equation on de Sitter background in IR limit Authors: E. T. Akhmedov and Ph. Burda Categories: hep-th gr-qc Comments: 20 pages, including 4 pages of Appendix. The version to appear in PRD Report-no: ITEP--TH--5/12; AEI--2012--011 \\ ( http://arxiv.org/abs/1202.1202 , 22kb) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \\ arXiv:1204.2478 (*cross-listing*) replaced with revised version Fri, 27 Jul 2012 06:27:55 GMT (9kb) Title: Lorentz invariance violation and electromagnetic field in an intrinsically anisotropic spacetime Authors: Zhe Chang, Sai Wang Categories: hep-ph hep-th Comments: 11 pages, no figure \\ ( http://arxiv.org/abs/1204.2478 , 9kb) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \\ arXiv:1205.0801 (*cross-listing*) replaced with revised version Fri, 27 Jul 2012 11:56:57 GMT (179kb,D) Title: Uniqueness of two-loop master contours Authors: Simon Caron-Huot and Kasper J. Larsen Categories: hep-ph hep-th Comments: 35+5 pages, 10 figures; minor changes \\ ( http://arxiv.org/abs/1205.0801 , 179kb) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \\ arXiv:1205.2245 (*cross-listing*) replaced with revised version Fri, 27 Jul 2012 16:10:03 GMT (5760kb,D) Title: Flat bands with higher Chern number Authors: Maximilian Trescher and Emil J. Bergholtz Categories: cond-mat.str-el cond-mat.mes-hall hep-th quant-ph Comments: 7 pages including supplementary material, many figures. Berry curvature data added \\ ( http://arxiv.org/abs/1205.2245 , 5760kb) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \\ arXiv:1205.4684 replaced with revised version Fri, 27 Jul 2012 09:42:45 GMT (907kb,D) Title: Probing Two Holographic Models of Strongly Coupled Anisotropic Plasma Authors: Anton Rebhan and Dominik Steineder Categories: hep-th hep-ph nucl-th Comments: JHEP style, 26 pages, 10 figures. v2: references added, slightly extended discussion of comparison with hard anisotropic loop results and correspondingly updated fig. 6 (version to appear in JHEP) Report-no: TUW-12-15 \\ ( http://arxiv.org/abs/1205.4684 , 907kb) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \\ arXiv:1205.6513 replaced with revised version Fri, 27 Jul 2012 03:42:14 GMT (43kb) Title: Modular Data and Verlinde Formulae for Fractional Level WZW Models I Authors: Thomas Creutzig and David Ridout Categories: hep-th math-ph math.MP math.QA Comments: 27 pages, 2 figures. v2: corrected a typo or two \\ ( http://arxiv.org/abs/1205.6513 , 43kb) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \\ arXiv:1206.0708 replaced with revised version Fri, 27 Jul 2012 19:59:11 GMT (46kb) Title: Large Randall-Sundrum II Black Holes Authors: Shohreh Abdolrahimi, C\'eline Catto\"en, Don N. Page, and Shima Yaghoobpour-Tari Categories: hep-th gr-qc Comments: 4 pages, 1 figure, revtex4-1 Report-no: Alberta-Thy-7-12 \\ ( http://arxiv.org/abs/1206.0708 , 46kb) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \\ arXiv:1206.2150 replaced with revised version Fri, 27 Jul 2012 07:02:39 GMT (21kb) Title: Gaugings of N=4 three dimensional gauged supergravity with exceptional coset manifolds Authors: Parinya Karndumri Categories: hep-th Comments: 27 pages, no figures, typoes corrected \\ ( http://arxiv.org/abs/1206.2150 , 21kb) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \\ arXiv:1206.6936 replaced with revised version Fri, 27 Jul 2012 02:06:38 GMT (2004kb) Title: Dimensional Transmutation by Monopole Condensation in QCD Authors: Y. M. Cho Categories: hep-th hep-lat \\ ( http://arxiv.org/abs/1206.6936 , 2004kb) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \\ arXiv:1207.2181 replaced with revised version Fri, 27 Jul 2012 13:40:10 GMT (30kb) Title: Supersymmetry in Lorentzian Curved Spaces and Holography Authors: Davide Cassani, Claudius Klare, Dario Martelli, Alessandro Tomasiello, Alberto Zaffaroni Categories: hep-th Comments: 34 pages; v2: section on equivalence between conformal Killing forms and conformal Killing spinors added, typos corrected, refs. added \\ ( http://arxiv.org/abs/1207.2181 , 30kb) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \\ arXiv:1207.2785 replaced with revised version Fri, 27 Jul 2012 00:20:34 GMT (33kb) Title: Rigid Supersymmetric Backgrounds of Minimal Off-Shell Supergravity Authors: James T. Liu, Leopoldo A. Pando Zayas and Dori Reichmann Categories: hep-th Comments: 40 pages: v2 References added, typos corrected Report-no: MCTP-12-16 \\ ( http://arxiv.org/abs/1207.2785 , 33kb) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \\ arXiv:1207.3082 replaced with revised version Fri, 27 Jul 2012 14:54:36 GMT (166kb) Title: N=2 supersymmetric AdS_4 solutions of M-theory Authors: Maxime Gabella, Dario Martelli, Achilleas Passias and James Sparks Categories: hep-th math.DG Comments: 50 pages, 2 figures; v2: typos fixed, some intermediate formulas added to improve clarity, references added \\ ( http://arxiv.org/abs/1207.3082 , 166kb) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \\ arXiv:1207.4908 replaced with revised version Fri, 27 Jul 2012 10:53:58 GMT (130kb) Title: Consequences of moduli stabilization in the Einstein-Maxwell landscape Authors: Cesar Asensio and Antonio Segui Categories: hep-th gr-qc Comments: 5 pages, 2 figures, typos corrected \\ ( http://arxiv.org/abs/1207.4908 , 130kb) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \\ arXiv:1207.5309 replaced with revised version Fri, 27 Jul 2012 04:59:30 GMT (19kb) Title: Holographic Charged Fluid with Anomalous Current at Finite Cutoff Surface in Einstein-Maxwell Gravity Authors: Xiaojian Bai, Ya-Peng Hu, Bum-Hoon Lee, Yun-Long Zhang Categories: hep-th cond-mat.other gr-qc Comments: 19 pages, v2: references added \\ ( http://arxiv.org/abs/1207.5309 , 19kb) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \\ arXiv:1207.5705 replaced with revised version Fri, 27 Jul 2012 13:46:20 GMT (1148kb) Title: Effect of topological defects and Coulomb charge on the low energy quantum dynamics of gapped graphene Authors: Baishali Chakraborty, Kumar S. Gupta, Siddhartha Sen Categories: hep-th cond-mat.mes-hall Comments: 22 pages, 23 figures \\ ( http://arxiv.org/abs/1207.5705 , 1148kb) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \\ arXiv:1207.5706 replaced with revised version Fri, 27 Jul 2012 13:36:05 GMT (67kb) Title: Universal local symmetries in classical mechanics and physical degrees of freedom Authors: Enrico Cattaruzza, Ennio Gozzi Categories: hep-th Comments: few misprints fixed \\ ( http://arxiv.org/abs/1207.5706 , 67kb) %%%---%%%---%%%---%%%---%%%---%%%---%%%---%%%---%%%---%%%---%%%---%%%---%%%--- For subscribe options to combined physics archives, e-mail To: physics@arXiv.org, Subject: subscribe ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- For help on viewing and making submissions, see http://arXiv.org/help/ For a list of archive mirror sites, see http://arXiv.org/servers.html ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Third-party submissions cause excessive problems. 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